Tooth Decay (Caries or Cavities)

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This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you have regarding a medical condition. Your provider will offer referrals or treatment plans based on your specific condition or diagnosis.

What is tooth decay (caries or cavities)?

Tooth decay is the disease known as caries or cavities. Tooth decay is caused by certain bacteria in the mouth that thrive on sugars and refined carbohydrates and make acids as a side effect. The acids attach to the hard outer layer of your tooth (enamel) first. The acids eventually penetrate into the tooth to the softer mineral within the tooth (dentin). If not treated, the tooth decay can destroy large portions of the tooth and infect the nerve (pulp) and blood vessels at the center of the tooth. In older adults, exposed root surfaces are also at risk for decay. Tooth decay is a highly preventable disease with many contributing factors.

Who is at risk for tooth decay?

Everyone who has teeth is at risk for tooth decay. We all host bacteria in our mouths which makes everyone a potential target for cavities. Risk factors that increase the risk for tooth decay include:

  • A diet high in sweets, refined carbohydrates, and sugars

  • Living in communities with limited or no fluoridated water supplies

  • Poor oral hygiene

  • Reduced salivary flow

  • Being a child

  • Being an older adult

Preventing tooth decay

Preventing tooth decay and cavities involves 6 simple steps:

  • Brush your teeth and tongue twice a day, for at least 2 minutes at a time with a fluoridated toothpaste.

    • Brushing with fluoride toothpaste should start when a child gets their first tooth. Use only a very small amount, about the size of a grain of rice.

  • Floss your teeth daily. Make sure to floss below the gums.

  • Eat a well-balanced diet and limit or eliminate sugary snacks and drinks.

  • Consult your healthcare provider or dentist about supplemental use of fluoride or dental sealants to protect family members' teeth.

  • Ask about fluoride varnish, which can be applied to teeth every 3 to 6 months.

  • Schedule routine dental cleanings and exams every 6 months for yourself and your family.

  • Stay well hydrated by drinking enough water.